Haberleşme sistemlerinde gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirme algoritmalarının geliştirilmesi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, tek-giriş tek-çıkış ve çok-giriş çok-çıkış haberleşme sistemlerinde gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirme problemi ele alınmıştır. DPSK ve MSK modülasyon kullanan SISO haberleşme sistemleri için üç farklı gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirici (alıcı) geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen gözü kapalı alıcılar, yumuşak bilgi kullanarak kanal parametrelerini kestirmektedirler. Kanal kod çözücüden gelen yumuşak bilginin kestirimde kullanılması, kanal parametrelerinin daha doğru kestirilmelerini sağlamaktadır. Ayrık-zamanlı FIR filtre olarak modellenen haberleşme kanallarının kanal katsayılarını kestirmek için bu tezde kullanılan algoritmalar: EM, LMS ve RLS algoritmalardır. SISO haberleşme sistemleri için geliştirmiş olduğumuz gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirme algoritmaları, MIMO haberleşme sistemlerine de uyarlanmıştır. Bu uyarlama sonucunda, MIMO sistemler için iki adet yarı gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirici (gözü kapalı alıcı) elde edilmiştir. İlkönce, matematiksel olarak gözü kapalı turbo denkleştirme algoritmaları çıkartılmış ve akabinde de bilgisayar programları bu çıkartılan algoritmalara göre yazılmışlardır. Geliştirilen gözü kapalı alıcılar birbirleri ile bit hata oranı cinsinden bilgisayar simülasyonları yoluyla karşılaştırılmışlardır. İlaveten, SISO ve MIMO haberleşme sistemleri için yapılan turbo denkleştirme (kanal parametrelerinin mükemmel bilindiği varsayımı altında) çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen bit hata oranı eğrileri çizdirilmiştir. Geliştirilen gözü kapalı turbo denkleştiricilerin (alıcıların) bit hata oranı performansları çok etkileyicidir (Proakis B kanalı ve DPSK modülasyonu kullanan SISO haberleşme sistemleri için SNR > 8 dB olduğunda BER=0, her bir alt kanal hafıza uzunluğu L=1 olan frekans seçici Rayleigh sönümlemeli kanalı ve DPSK modülasyonu kullanan MIMO (2Tx, 2Rx) sistemler için ise SNR > 10 dB olduğunda BER=0 olmaktadır). SUMMARYIn this study, blind turbo equalization problem for single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output communication systems is investigated. Three different blind turbo equalizers (receiver) are developed for both DPSK and MSK modulation in the SISO communication systems. Developed blind receivers use soft channel estimation. Using of the soft information that comes from the channel decoder provides more correct channel estimation. Communication channels are modelled as discrete-time FIR filter and its coefficients are estimated with EM, LMS and RLS algorithms in this study. Developed blind turbo equalization algorithms for SISO systems are adapted to MIMO communication systems. This adaptation produces two semi blind turbo equalizers for MIMO systems. Firstly, blind turbo equalization algorithms are derived mathematically and then computer programming are done according to these algorithms. Developed blind receivers are compared with each other in terms of bit error rate performances via computer simulations. In addition, bit error rate curves of turbo equalization (channel parameters are perfectly known) for both SISO and MIMO systems are plotted. BER performances of developed blind turbo equalizers are very promising (simulation values of the developed receivers for SISO communication systems in which Proakis B channel and DPSK modulation are used: when SNR >8 dB, BER=0. Values of the developed receivers for MIMO (2Tx, 2Rx) communication systems where Rayleigh fading channel whose each subchannel has same memory length (L=1) and DPSK modulation are used: when SNR > 10 dB, BER=0)

Assessment of the mechanical characteristics of the lower extremity muscles with myotonometric measurements in healthy individuals

Introduction. This study aimed to establish normative values for stiffness, tone, and elasticity of lower extremity muscles and to determine age and sex differences. Methods. overall, 389 participants (199 females, 190 males) were included. The mechanical properties of the tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMo), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles were assessed bilaterally with the MyotonPRo device. The data were compared with respect to sex and age. Results. The mechanical properties were significantly higher bilaterally in males than females in all parameters (p < 0.05). Right TA stiffness and elasticity, GM tone and stiffness were higher than left in females (p < 0.05). Greater VMo elasticity and RF tone were found in left vs. right (p < 0.05). Right GL-VL stiffness and elasticity were greater than left in males (p < 0.05). VMo-RF tones were bigger in left compared with right (p < 0.05). Among age groups, right-left TA tone and stiffness were greater in group 1 (18-28 years old) (p < 0.05). Right-left VL-VMo tones, and left RF stiffness and tone were lower in group 2 (29-39 years old) (p < 0.05). Right GM-VMo stiffness, right-left TA-GL-GM-VMo and RF elasticity were greater in group 3 (40-50 years old) compared with others (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The mechanical properties of leg muscles were bilaterally higher in males. different characteristics were observed of different muscles for both sexes. GL-GM-VMo-RF elasticity decreased, and TA stiffness and VMo tone increased with advancing age in both legs. © University School of Physical Education in Wrocła

The relation of body mass index to muscular viscoelastic properties in normal and overweight individuals

Background: The body mass index (BMI) is closely related to fat tissue, which may have direct or indirect effects on muscle function. Previous studies have evaluated BMI and muscle viscoelastic properties in vivo in older people or individual sexes; however, the relationship between BMI and muscular viscoelastic properties is still unknown. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of BMI with muscular viscoelastic properties, and to compare these properties in a young sedentary population with normal and overweight individuals. Methods: A total of 172 healthy sedentary individuals (mean age, 26.00 ± 5.45 years) were categorized by sex (male and female) and BMI classification (normal (BMI, 18.50–24.99 kg/m2), overweight (BMI = 25.00–29.99 kg/m2)). Body weight was evaluated using an electronic scale, while height was measured using a standard stadiometer. BMI was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. The viscoelastic properties (tone, stiffness, and elasticity) of the biceps brachii (BB) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were measured bilaterally using the MyotonPRO device at rest. Results: The bilateral BF tone and stiffness, right BB stiffness, and elasticity showed weak correlations with BMI in all participants. Furthermore, the bilateral BF tone and stiffness, right BB stiffness and elasticity, and left BB stiffness were weakly positively correlated with male sex. Only the right BB elasticity was weakly positively correlated with BMI in females (p 0.05). The overweight group showed increased bilateral BF stiffness and tone, right BB stiffness, and reduced bilateral BB elasticity compared to the normal-weight group (p 0.05). Greater bilateral BB tone, BF tone and stiffness, and lower BF elasticity were observed in males than in females (p 0.05). Conclusions: The BB and BF viscoelastic properties were weakly correlated with BMI. Males showed greater muscle tone and stiffness, and lower elasticity. The overweight individuals showed increased stiffness and tone, particularly in lower extremities, and reduced elasticity in upper extremities. The effect of BMI–sex interactions on the viscoelastic properties was not clear. Higher BMI (increased mechanical load) might cause the human body to develop different muscular viscoelastic adaptations in the extremities. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Spectral characterizations and antibacterial effect of 2-(5-R-1H-benzimidazol-2-YL)-4-methyl/bromo-phenols and some metal complexes

2-(5-H/Cl/Me/NO2-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-Me/Br-phenols (HL1–HL5) were synthesized. HL1 complexes with Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3, Zn(ClO4)2 and; HL4, HL5 complexes with Zn(ClO4)2 were prepared. The structures of the compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, FT-IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Antibacterial activity of the ligands and the complexes were evaluated using the disk diffusion method in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as well as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) dilution method, against nine bacteria, and the results were compared with penicillin–G and oxytetracycline. While HL1 ligand has considerable antibacterial activity on B. cereus only; it’s Ag(I) complex show antibacterial effect toward almost all the bacteria. It is highly interesting that HL5 and [Zn(HL5)(L5)]ClO4 exhibit considerable high antibacterial activity toward K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. epidermidis and B. subtilis. KEY WORDS: Benzimidazole, Phenol, Metal complexes, Antibacterial activity  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2010, 24(3), 391-400

EFFECTIVENESS OF REFORMER PILATES EXERCISES ON SYMPTOMS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN WITH BLADDER AND BOWEL DYSFUNCTION

Objective. The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of reformer pilates exercises on symptoms and quality of life in children with bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD). Methods. Children diagnosed as having BBD by a physician and aged between 5-18 years were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: urotherapy group (control) and reformer pilates group (study). Written consent was obtained from both the children and the parents. Children in both groups received a standardized urotherapy. The study group also had 30 minutes of reformer pilates exercise sessions for 2 days a week. BBD symptoms were assessed using the Voiding Disorder Symptom Scoring (VDSS) and Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire (BBDQ). Quality of life was assessed using the Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire (PinQ). Assessments were performed before and 8 weeks after the reformer pilates exercises. Results. The study included 25 children (10 [40%] boys and 15 [60%] girls). Their median age was 9 years and their body mass index was 17.58 kg/m2. Of these 25 children, 16 were born by normal delivery, 9 of whom were delivered by cesarean section. None of the children used diapers during the day, but 10 of them continued to use diapers at night. The control (n = 16) and study (n = 9) groups were similar in terms of physical properties. The VDSS, BBDQ, and PinQ scores were significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.05). The decrease in BBDQ and VDSS scores were more prominent in the study group than in the control group. The clinical trial registration number of this study is NCT05779709 (ClinicalTrials.gov.) Conclusion. Reformer pilates exercises can provide additional benefits in the treatment of children with BBD as they were effective in reducing BDD symptoms and enhancing quality of life

The width of life is more important than the length of life

A 58-year-old man with previous inferior myocardial infarction (MI) was referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker (CRT-P) for decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; 45%) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (Figure 1). He had New York Heart Association Class I functional classification but palpitation for 3 months. General physical and cardiac examinations were normal. On the admission day, the electrocardiogram showed a narrow QRS rhythm with and without tachycardia (Figures 2 and 3). Would you recommend or consider a CRT-P device or a CRT defibrillator or only an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) based on these clinical and electrocardiographic findings, or ablation or medical therapy only

Convergent double coronary sinus potentials during atrial tachycardia

The analysis of the patterns and timing of coronary sinus activation provides a rapid stratification of the most likely macro-re-entrant atrial tachycardias and points toward the likely origin of centrifugal ones by comparing the left atrial and coronary sinus activation sequence and morphology during sinus rhythm and atrial tachycardia. The analysis of both the near- and far-field electrogram morphology of atrial signals also gives important clues in determining the mechanism of the arrhythmia

Bacteremia due to Acinetobacter ursingii in infants: Reports of two cases

Acinetobacter ursingii is an aerobic, gram-negative, opportunistic microorganism which is rarely isolated among Acinetobacter species. We present two immunocompetent infants who developed bacteremia due to A.ursingii. The first patient is a two -month- old boy who had been hospitalized in pediatric surgery unit for suspected tracheo-esophageal fistula because of recurrent aspiration pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. The second patient is a fourteen -month- old boy with prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. A. ursingii was isolated from their blood cultures. They were successfully treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. Although A.ursingii has recently been isolated from a clinical specimen; reports of infection with A.ursingii in children are rare. A.ursingii should be kept in mind as an opportunistic microorganism in children.Pan African Medical Journal 2016; 2

Preparation, characterization and antibacterial effect of 2-methoxy-6-(5-H/Me/Cl/NO2-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenols and some transition metal complexes

2-Methoxy-6-(5-H/methyl/chloro/nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenols (HLx; x = 1–4, respectively) ligands and HL1 complexes with Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3 and Zn(NO3)2 were synthesized and characterized. The structures of the compounds were confirmed based on elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, FT-IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the free ligands, their hydrochloride salts and the complexes were evaluated using the disk diffusion method in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the dilution method, respectively, against 9 bacteria. HL1 and HL3, as well as the Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes, showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria